The Impact Of Funding Of Funding For All Local Fire / Ems...

Based upon the research results obtained regarding policy issues of how funding of grants is obtained and the policy processes that are in place. There are areas of these said policies that are being reformed after going through a process called, lessons learned. These lessons are learned from prior disasters/incidents through a hazard mitigation process that is always going on before, during, and after an incident. In past incidents some policies are not existent and need to be produced through the use of policy tools from the support of the private sector and government agencies collaborates with one another to build a new policy such as FEMA grants for use by state and local governments. The grant funding process is important to the†¦show more content†¦For example, it is up to each State to request federal grant funding through FEMA. If the grant request is approved by FEMA then a state will get funding in the amount requested or a lower amount of funding will be disper sed by FEMA to the grant recipient. One of the main policy alternative involves the Congress and the funding amount to DHS then to FEMA. The current funding programs under the SAFER grant are not a permeant and long term, by making up a new funding policy for Congressional to pass in the near future will allow citizens to be safer. (FEMA, 2015, p.1). The most recent media coverage regarding the funding problems of the Department of homeland security that directly affects FEMA’s grant funding programs. Congress was threating to delay or possibly cut some funding to DHS due to the two political parties of Congress, the republicans and the democrats fighting each other for control of power. For example, there are supposed to be Values set by Congress. By having a lack of mortality, their values are non-existent. As based upon the readings from the Policy Paradox. (Stone, 2002, p.24). The lack of having one hundred percent security and equity regarding every citizen’s safety in the United States and to prevent them from being injured or even death. The DHS department heads find this to be the main causation of the current funding problem. (Nather and Kim, 2015, p.1) For stakeholders,

Event Management Plan Free Essays

string(59) " so that we can have the permits and access to the fields\." Event Management Plan for Spring Bash 2013 Event Description Day/Date/Time of Event – Duration. This event will be held during the week of Monday March 25th thru Thursday March 28th. The game times will be 10 am, 1pm, 4pm, and 7:30 pm. We will write a custom essay sample on Event Management Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Location / Facility / Venue of the Event. The baseball site is the beautiful, professionally maintained Santaluces Sports Complex. The Santaluces Sports Complex was built by the Montreal Expos for their spring training and is located in Lantana, FL. Description of the Event. With a comfortable average annual temperature of 78 ° F (25  °C), Palm Beach County is able to host any type of sporting event any time of the year. South Florida’s tropical climate is unique to any other region in the country and is one of the primary reason so many teams want to come and get out of the cold. The tournament will consist of 12 teams all competing for the tournament title at the end of the four days. Purpose of the Event / Overview. This will be an invitation only event to bring in some of the top high schools in Florida and showcase their skills for area scouts both professional and college. W5H. Who. Any High School baseball program from any state will be apart of the invitation only event. What. This is a Spring Break invitational tournament that is put on to expose some of the best armature athletes to professional and college scouts. When. March 25th thru March 28th Where. Santaluces Sports Complex Lantana, FL How. Through registration fees, concessions, and gate revenue. Aims / Objectives (S. M. A. R. T. ). Our goals and objectives are to become the premier spring break tournament in Florida. Event Management Management Responsibility. In-house / outsourced) – The management responsibility will be taken care of in-house to cut down on cost and overhead. Major stakeholders / agencies. The major stakeholders will be the high school programs that attend this event. Also, the agencies that will be involved with this event are the Palm Beach County Sports Commission and the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Physical requirements. The physical requ irements for this event will be long hours in the hot South Florida sun as well as the ability to lift up to 50 lbs. Venue. The Santaluces Sports Complex provides four well maintained and groomed fields and also have lighting on all four fields to host night games is needed. Target audience. This tournament’s target audience is anyone of the many top high school baseball programs we have in the US. Approximate Number of Participants and Spectators. There will be twelve teams which will account for approximately 240 participants and over the course of the four days approximately 1500 spectators will be in attendance. Event History. This will be the first annual tournament held at this location. Based on research done on other spring break tournaments it is very popular with the high schools both locally and in the north where there is still snow on the ground. There are not many premier spring break tournaments out there so we feel this will help fill the void. Technology. All game information and results will be notated and recorded on iPads using the application called Game Changer scorekeeping. Also, for communication with event staff they will have cellphones as well as radios. Sponsoring Organization. For this event due to the size there will not be any sponsoring organization. Feasibility Is the event a good idea? This event is a great idea due to the amount of teams looking to play in a tournament during spring break and also for the exposure the teams will have to area scouts. Do we have the skills required to plan and run the event? The event staff is well trained and knowledgeable on what is needed to make this type of event successful. Is the host community supportive? The host community is supportive due to the sales at local hotels and restaurants. Do we have the infrastructure in the community? The location of the event provides quick access to the interstate, hospital, and airport. Can we get a venue at a price we can afford? The event cost will be $2000 for the permits running the four days of the tournament. Will the event attract an audience? The main audience will be that parents and family members of the participants as well as professional and college scouts. Will it attract media support? Due to the size of the event media support will not be attracted. Is it financially viable? The operating expenses of the tournament will be covered in the registration fees, which makes it financially viable. Are the success criteria reasonable? The success criteria is reasonable but will be unknown until after the event takes places and feedback is generated. What are the risks? The risks associated with this event are weather, injury, and the expenses exceed the revenues. SWOT Analysis Strengths. The location and quality of the fields are the biggest strengths of this tournament. Weaknesses. When having a tournament in the spring there is always a chance of rain, also this is a first year event and does not have a proven track record. Opportunities. With a successful event we may be able to expand the number of teams in the futures and solidify our place as one of the premier spring break tournaments. Threats. The threats associated with this tournament are that there are many other tournaments going on at the same or similar times. It may be hard to get the commitment of elite high school programs due to them being committed to other events at the time. Approvals ; Consultation State ; federal government. The approval and compliance for this event will be through the FHSAA and all other factors will be held at the county level. County, city, or town. There will have to be approval from the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department so that we can have the permits and access to the fields. You read "Event Management Plan" in category "Essay examples" Roads ; traffic authority. This will be taken care of in-house by using staff members to direct traffic. Liquor licensing. There will be no need for liquor licensing due to no alcoholic beverages will be sold at this event. Police. Police will not be needed unless a crime is committed. Insurance. Prior to the event there will be a waiver signed excluding responsibility in the case of the event. In case of injury, this is a school-approved activity and responsibility falls on them. Marketing / Advertising / PR / Ticketing Customer segmentation. Our customer segmentation is based on the top high school programs across the state as well as nationally. Pricing. Registration for the event is $500 Ticket program. Game day passes for spectators will be $10 per day or $35 for the duration of the event. Kids ages infant-17 years old will gain admittance free of charge. Advertising. Advertising for the event will be done through social media utilizing Facebook and Twitter. Message. The message of this event is to provide a overall great experience and to provide the participants the ability to be seen in front of professional and college scouts. Media outlets used. The media outlets that will be used for this event include Flyers / Posters / Brochures, Word of Mouth, Internet and Social Media. Advertising Budget. Due to our online advertising there is no advertising budget put in place. Promotions. Due to the size and nature of the event there will no promotions taking place. Giveaways. All participants will be given t-shirts and all coaches will receive polo shirts. Community / Public Relations. Press releases. No press releases will be delivered, but emails will be sent out to professional scouts and college scouts about our tournament and the teams that will be in attendance. Media briefing(s). Media guides will be made up consisting of the teams involved and their rosters as well as schedules and a sponsor’s page. Evaluation of Marketing Plan. The evaluation of the marketing plan will be done at the conclusion of the event to see in what areas we can better ourselves. Financial Control Is the purpose to make a profit? The main purpose of this event is to create a great atmosphere of high-level competition and have a successful event. Also, to make a profit is another purpose of the event. Without a profit we will not be able to continue putting on future events. How much will the event cost? The overall cost of the event will be $4800, which will be covered in the registration fees. What are the revenue sources? The revenue sources for this event are the registration fees, concessions, gate sales and sponsorship. How many tickets need to be sold to break even? The registration fees alone will allow us to cover our operating expenses. All other sources of revenue will be for payroll and the rest is profit. What is the cash flow situation? The cash flow situation will come from the day-to-day operating expenses such as restocking concessions, gate sales, baseballs, etc.. What are the control systems? There will be a staff member in charge of collecting monies throughout the day and placing them in a safe box with a key lock. Only that staff member and director will have access to the money. How will legal and taxation obligations be met? These will be met in the concessions were all sales rung out in the cash register will be taxed. Capital / funding requirements. In the case of expenses running over the profits the initial investment of cash on hand of $10,000 will cover those costs. Fees. The fees of $20/hr for the ball field permits required by Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department will be paid out of the initial investment to secure the location and dates desired. Costs. The overall cost of the event will be $4800, which will be covered in the registration fees. Merchandise / licensing. At this time due to this being the first year of the event we will not be having and merchandise for sale. Control systems. There will be a staff member in charge of collecting monies throughout the day and placing them in a safe box with a key lock. Only that staff member and director will have access to the money. Taxation. These will be met in the concessions were all sales rung out in the cash register will be taxed. Profit ; loss statement. This will be completed at the end of the event. Cash-flow analysis. This will be completed at the end of the event. Budget Budget Detail. (See table 3 pg. 18) Event Contracts. This event does not have any contracts due to the nature and size. Sponsorship Sponsor signage / Sponsor booths. This event does not have any sponsor booths but will have signage of local sponsors in the outfield and in the media guide. Package sales. Packages will range from $100-$400 in which sponsors can choose. (See Table ) Activation. The sponsorship activation is done by the sponsor including coupons for participants and spectators that attend their business. Evaluation. The evaluation will be done at the end of the event by contacting the sponsors and collecting data on who brought in the coupons. Risk Management Identification. (of risks ; hazards) Some risks that may arise are balls leaving the playing field, wet playing surfaces and heat stroke. Assessment. (of risks ; hazards) Balls leaving the field can cause injury to spectators, wet playing surfaces can cause injury to players as well as coaches and heat stroke can happen to players and coaches due to the hot weather. Management. (of risks ; hazards) All situations will be forwarded to the tournament director. Incident reporting. All situations will be forwarded to the tournament director and local authorities if need be. Contingency plan. In case of bad weather all games will be postponed until further notice. The location we have selected has lights and games can be played at night if needed. Letter to Dignitary Form. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Grammar. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Event Staging Decor. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Layout. See table Entertainment. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Special effects / Lighting / Sound. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Electricity. Electricity is provided by the complex and is apart of the permit to use the facility. Water. Water cooler will be placed in every dugout to ensure hydration is maintained. Transportation. The location of this event allows for quick access to the interstate and airports as well as medical transportation. Traffic management. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Street closures. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Impact on local traffic. The event will have no impact on local traffic flow. Notification of affected businesses. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Diversions / Detours. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Security. In the event of an altercation the local authorities will be contacted. Support vehicles. Due to the size of the complex support vehicles will not be needed. Medical / ambulance / EMTs. In the case of emergency medical assistance will be contacted, but no onsite medical will be present. Parking. The parking is provided by the complex and is free of charge Disability access / ADA compliance. The facility meets all disability and ADA requirements Children. The facility has a playground area that is accessible for children. Food / Catering. Food for concessions will be purchased at local wholesalers such as Costco. Providers. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Facilities. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Waste and environmental management. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Toilets. The complex provides this and no rentals of toilets is needed. Waste management, recycling. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Waste Management. Sanitation. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Noise. This will not be needed due to the nature of the event. Water pollution. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Environmental Impact Study (EIS). This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Cleaning. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Staffing Rosters. The staff will include the tournament director, four game day staff, two concession staff and 4 volunteers from local colleges. Training. All staff members will be CPR certified and trained on operational activities before the event. Briefing. Everyday before the first games a meeting will be held to go over that activities for that day and the chain of command. Recruitment of volunteers. Volunteers will be sought out from local colleges for students looking to gain some experience. Leadership Plan Communication. All communication will through the tournament director. During the morning meetings the communication process will be laid out and all questions will be answered. Staffing ; Skills. Pre-event training will take place to ensure all staff are on the same page for what needs to be accomplished and only qualified individuals will be on the staff. Coordination / Evaluation. During the morning meetings the coordination and evaluation processes will be laid out and all staff will be well informed on what needs will be required. Rewards. At the end of the tournament all game day staff members will be taken out to dinner to celebrate the success of the event. Operational Plans Procedures ; checklists. (See table 2 pg. 17) Performance standards. The performance standards will be consistent with departmental goals, communicates clearly to all levels falls within budget guidelines, can reasonably be accomplished in specified time frame and follows up and resolves problems in timely manner to keep project on track. Contingency plans. In case of bad weather all games will be postponed until further notice. The location we have selected has lights and games can be played at night if needed. Weather. In case of bad weather all games will be postponed until further notice. The location we have selected has lights and games can be played at night if needed. Electrical supply, lighting. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Fire / Accident. In case of fire/ accident fire extinguishers and first aid kits will be available and local authorities will be contacted. Crowd control / management. Local authorities if needed will provide this. Delay or cancellation. In the case of a delay or cancellation all teams will be contacted within enough time so that proper arrangements can be made. If a cancellation of the event does take place teams will be refunded their fees paid. Bomb threat or other security incident. Local authorities will provide this. Logistics. Local authorities will provide this. Setup / teardown. The setup and teardown of tents will be done by staff members before leaving the facility for the night to prevent theft. Signage. All signage will be hung on the fences of the fields in plain view of all spectators. Structures ; facilities. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Lighting / Sound. Lighting is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department. Safety ; Security (Safety of the event audience) Safety ; security of event performers, VIPs, etc. This will be provided by local authorities if needed. Health ; safety of staff. This will be provided by local authorities if needed. Security for premises, equipment, cash, etc. This is provided by the Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation Department, and all cash will be held onto by the tournament director at the end of the night. Communications. Meetings will be held every morning and all communication will be through either cellular phones or radios. All issues get reported to the tournament director. Emergency access and emergency management. The facility has gates that open for easy access for emergency personnel to get as close to the situation as possible. First aid. In the concessions there will be first aid kits to be administered if need be. Timelines Form. (See table 1 pg. 16) Evaluation, Monitoring ; Control Feedback. During the course of the tournament staff members will ask questions to the spectators to see how their experience is so far. If any issues arise it will be handled promptly. Post-event evaluation. A mailing list will be generated in which all teams will be contacted and a survey will be enclosed to determine how the event went and what we can do to improve. Objectives. At the end of the event we will go through our utlined objectives and determine is they were met. Measures. The measures that will be used to determine the success will include survey’s, questionnaires, and direct-mailers to all participants. Analysis. After all measures are taken into account, an analysis will be done to determine the areas needed for improvement for future events. Report. Once objectives are met, the measurements are put into place, an analysis is done and all will be placed into a report for future sponsorship opportunities. Appendix Table 1 Event Timeline | 8 Months Out from Event| 3 Months Out from Event| Prepare posters, brochures, banners, etc. | | Reserve and confirm facility fees and permits| | Confirm participating teams| | | | | 7 Months Out from Event| 2 Months Out from Event| | Begin recruiting volunteers for day of event| | | 6 Months Out from Event| 1 Months Out from Event| Set event budget| Order t-shirts and prizes or have them donated| Set and confirm date, time and place| Continue recruiting volunteers for day of event| Determine goal of event and event name| Reconfirm ALL commitments| Decide on event logo| | Send out letters to potential teams| | | | 5 Months Out from Event| Week of the Event| Prepare site signage: information, check-in, first aid, start/finish, volunteer check-in| | Complete participant registration list| | Complete participant registration list| | Pick up t-shirts an d prizes| 4 Months Out from Event| 1 Month after the Event| Develop sponsorship levels| Mail thank you letters to sponsors, volunteers, and community partners| Approach corporate and media sponsors| Communicate final event participation count and amount of money raised to all sponsors| Confirm sponsors| Organize event binder for next year including suggestions and feedback| Table 2 Task| Person Responsible| Contact details| Check that the date does not clash with another event|   |   | Arrange venue|   |   | Prepare and distribute tournament notice/flyer|   |   | Prepare tournament budget|   |   | Appoint Rules Advisor (if not TD)|   |   | Organize person(s) to do the check in|   Ã‚  |   Ã‚  | Purchase trophies (if applicable)|   Ã‚  |   Ã‚  | Collect perpetual trophies (if applicable)|   |   Ã‚  | Organize wall charts|   |   Ã‚  | Organize name tags|   |   Ã‚  | Check stocks of score sheets, sets etc. |   |   Ã‚  | Receive entries ; set up draws|   |   | On day, supervise distribution of sets, table numbers, score sheets ; tile check sheets|   |   | Distribute tournament records|   |   | Manage refreshment area|   |   | Collect entry fee ; distribute name tags|   |   | Erect wall charts, latest ratings and rules|   |   | Instruct novices on tournament protocol|   |   | Direct runners to collect name tags during last game|   |   | Prepare tournament expense/income report|   |   | Present trophies ; awards|   |   | Table 3 REVENUE PROJECTED | Additional fundraising activities$785. 00 | Cash sponsors $6,500. 00| Donations $300. 00 | Paid advertising in event program $250. 00 | Registration fees (12 teams x $500) $6,000| TOTAL REVENUE: $13,835| EXPENSES| Decor – $125. 00 | Event program$300. 00 | Food and beverage $1,840. 00| Marketing and promotion $395. 00 | Save-the-date card – e-design $225. 00 | Signage – design $150. 00 | Signage – printing $1,258. 31| Silent auction $250. 00 | Thank you items$200. 00 | Venue -$5,000| TOTAL EXPENSES: $9,743. 31| TOTAL NET: $4,091. 69| How to cite Event Management Plan, Essay examples

Impact of Homelessness and Incarceration

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Homelessness and Incarceration. Answer: Introduction: Homelessness has no consistent definition, but experts and social theorists perceive this state of affairs as a problem which goes beyond than not having safe shelter. In other words, it goes beyond the usual concept of rooflessness. The people who experience homelessness comprise of who sleep rough on the streets or for that matter under the rough and ready residence. While the people who sleep rough are mostly visible to the general public while they represent a mere seven percent of the entire population of the state. Families, women and young people residing in refuges or crisis accommodation are considered to be homeless. On the other hand, people who are forced to move from one impermanent place to another are also considered to be homeless. It is seen that some people would stay in cheap hotels or even in their cars. The people who live in makeshift accommodation such as caravan cars are also considered to be homeless. Australians belonging from all backgrounds and ages become homeless. As much as 56 percent of Australians are male while the number of women experiencing the same state is rising in leaps and bounds. The following essay portrays the reason of homelessness in Australia, critical evaluation of the predicament and role of various parties in negating the issue. Homelessness is rising in the Australian community. At present, there are as many as 1,04,000 people experiencing homelessness in Australia and many other living in impermanent residences which are one step away from homelessness (Sharam and Hulse 2014). It is worthwhile to mention that homelessness is not a choice. The majority of people that are homeless may be attributed to emotional and financial hardship. Furthermore, studies have revealed that domestic and family violence is also a major cause of homelessness in Australia. The large section of Australias itinerant population is moving from one place to the next and hence may be termed as hidden population. The Australians hailing from all backgrounds and ages become homeless. Some people are vulnerable to homelessness than others. Single women over the age of forty-five are more susceptible to the state of homelessness in Australia. In 2010, nearly half of the population who required assistance from specialists was below twenty -five. Two-thirds of these people were accompanying their mothers escaping violence (Bullen 2015). Various social factors trigger homelessness state in Australia. Amongst all, domestic violence is one of the important causes of homelessness in Australia. Barring this, other factors that educe homelessness are economic, social and health-related issues. The experts propound that people may become homeless due to extreme poverty, health issues, poor interpersonal relationships and mental health concerns. All these have a detrimental effect on people who have been managing life well but are faced with immense distress due to relationship break-up, loss of loved ones, unemployment, and others (Moore 2016). Around fifteen percent are encountered with financial troubles while twelve percent struggle with the housing crisis. On the other hand, somewhat ten percent of the population who are homeless has been residing in unsuitable dwelling conditions. The causes of the state of homelessness are varied in nature, and each other's reason is unique to each other. Some of the existing populat ions in Australia who are homeless were in large-scale residential units for the mentally ill in the past. The regular perception of a destitute person is an older person having a drug problem who sleeps in a secluded area within the city or town. The census figures state that there is no typical homeless person. The factual reality is homelessness may have an effect on men, women, and children hailing from a diverse range of background residing in suburbs, cities and counties. Still, the problem remains the fact that people experience homeless move from one momentary solution to another until they settle on something permanent accommodation. Research statistics reveal that on any given night one in two hundred people are homeless. The Severe housing crisis and social and economic exclusion also contribute to the state of homelessness in Australia (Milbourne and Cloke 2013). The impact of homelessness: The homelessness results in significant economic and social costs not restricted to families and individuals but also social communities and nation by and large. On a different perspective, homelessness makes it difficult to pursue education and thereby leave people vulnerable to chronic ill-health and continuing unemployment conditions. Various health problems are an outcome of homelessness which includes depression and other mental problems (Ahmed et al. 2016). Australians who are experiencing homelessness are habitually excluded from participating in various cultural, social and economic affairs in their respective communities. As far as national level is concerned, people who are encountered with such crisis are more likely to have interaction with various governmental agencies like Health Department, Legal Department, Corrective Service Departments and other bodies. The cost of homelessness to the Australian community along with economy and individuals is enormous if this proble m is not resolved quickly. The current scarcity of affordable rental accommodations is continuing to make homelessness an incessant difficulty for the people of the state. The incidence of mental illness that is, bipolar and schizoid type disorders amongst individuals are undergoing homelessness than what it is in the general population (Aihw.gov.au 2016). Population types who are at risk of homelessness: More or less all Australians are affected by the predicament of homelessness. Women, in particular, who are reliant on part-time engagement or being single, may be more risk than men. Normally women are vulnerable in the light of family and domestic violence which is a big threat to their safety which propels them to leave their home. Over a third of women have encountered psychological and physical violence which is a determinant factor for them to move out of their residence. The vulnerable groups of women like Aboriginal Islander women are severely hit by the crisis of homelessness (Wood et al. 2014). The culture of Torres Strait Island in Australia has an impact on the ability of the women to access homelessness services. Their inability to utilize legal, counseling and support services in remote locations has added to their crisis. Aboriginal women may also encounter discrimination concerning housing facilities and services from the state. The resident communities in Torres Stra it Islands are somewhat thirty-five times to be victims of domestic violence. Women with disabilities are at risk of homelessness. This includes inadequate income and lack of secure affordable housing. On the other hand, young women are vulnerable to housing security due to mental illness (Chamberlain et al. 2014). Both of Torres Strait Island and non-Aboriginal Islander women, access to housing solutions is restricted due to limited availability of resources in the region. Homelessness data services and solution indicates that people who are born overseas are aided by services is significantly on a lower side than the percentage of people born in the general population. Restricted usage of services of housing system and solution pose a significant impediment for women belonging to CALD or culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. There are more or less four million people residing in Australia with disabilities. A disability may be permanent and temporary depending on vari ed conditions. People living with disabilities may face additional costs which may be a taxing to them (Flatau et al. 2015). In any case, the basic cost of living is exorbitant and on the top of it, they are required to bear health care costs and housing support services. Despite popular notion, children are one of the largest population groups experiencing homelessness. Studies reveal that children below eighteen years constitute nearly 27 percent of homelessness. Children ranging in the age group of seventeen comprise of users of specialist services (Fildes 2016). Barriers of accessing facilities: Exorbitant fee and cost structure is a barrier for most of the homeless populations. These are inclusive of basic daily health care and charge of accommodation. Here, aged and women group of the population are faced with the lack of home ownership when it comes to securing a place in the aged care system. The only reason being service providers may ask for accommodation bond from people to secure a place in service units (Parsell et al. 2013). Many times, they are forced to sell the family home to pay such excessive charges. However, this option is not available to inhabitants residing in social or private rental housing experiencing homelessness. The priority needs to be directed towards the funding of various care giving models specifically for aged and women population who may have a history of homelessness and insecurity. Ending a permanent solution to homelessness is no mean task (Meyer 2016). What are the options available? The state and private institutions need to pioneer initiatives which would help Australia to counteract the crisis. The State and Territory Housing departments should maintain their current public housing stock. Barring that, the Australian government should strive to establish an affordable housing facility which could deliver minimum 20,000 new affordable dwelling units catering to a countless number of homeless individuals (Milbourne and Cloke 2013). Through NPAH scheme, renewal of funding for innovative homelessness services needs to be performed. The funding for research for maximizing the effectiveness of homelessness spending and innovating strategies should be identified to prevent homelessness. Early intervention programs having a proven success record along with an increase in funding for homelessness prevention deserve special mention in this regard. On the other hand, non-pension allowance should be increased by a minimum of USD 50 per week to provide people with the maximum opportunity to make both ends meet (Youthcentral.vic.gov.au 2016). Homelessness service system in Australia: In Australia services aimed to support individuals experiencing homelessness state spanning since the twentieth century. In 1970, various social movements emerged like the liberation of women. 1985 witnessed surfacing of new services models during the tenure of Hawke Government which resulted in the establishment of SAAP or Supported Accommodation Assistance Program (Aihw.gov.au 2016). The SAAP helped in drawing of a plethora of services to support young people, older women and aged destitute. In recent past, the Australian Government released a document which outlines the methods of reduction of homelessness in the region. At presently, most of the funding is performed through COAG or Council of Australian Government agreement. NAHA is another body which provides funding to various state governments thereby allocation of funds to attain desired standards. The National Affordable Housing Agreement works in tandem to provide nearly USD 250 million per year aimed homelessness program ( Gough 2014). The National Partnership Agreement on Homelessness or NPAH offers additional finding for a wide range of activities which ranges from joint funding from territories and states and implementation plans. Nearly USD 115 million has been annually spent by the body which has a deadline till 2017 (Harvey et al. 2016). On the other hand, the Commonwealth Government is on the verge of founding a Reforming of Federation scheme aimed to exert more cooperation amongst Commonwealth states and territories to change homelessness funding had been performed till date. The role of NGO: NGO and other self-help groups have been operating in Australia for a substantial period. One of the most prominent organizations in the domain is Red Cross Society which strives to assist around 2181 people to find housing solutions and services. The firm provides roughly 44,000 meals to individual experiencing homelessness in Australia (Redcross.org.au 2016). Several programs and initiatives have been taken by the organization to help people find safe and suitable accommodation through tireless caseworkers. This includes services rendered to destitute suffering from mental disorders and Aboriginal and Strait Islander inhabitants. Red Cross Society provides reliable meals and supports people of low income who are otherwise homeless. The volunteers and staffs serve meals and help the destitute to find a stable accommodation in life. The organization undertakes various programs to help people being homelessness. Some of the important initiatives are Homestay which supports people to m aintain their existing accommodation and accessing more sustainable accommodation (Moore 2016). Private Tenancy Support is another initiative which aims to support people at risk of losing their private rental housing. In continuance to this, Red Cross Society has formulated Intensive Tenancy Support aimed to provide support to inhabitants who are on the verge of losing their rental housing. Homelessness Accommodation Support Services, Youth Homelessness and Reintegration Services, Mentors Initiative and Homelessness Service Hub are some of the overwhelming initiatives that the firm has undertaken to eradicate homelessness state of affairs in Australia. Thus it may be concluded that the state along with regional as well as globally esteemed self-help group or NGOs has been effective in dealing with the social predicament of homelessness in Australia thereby changing lives of the people of the region. Reference list Ahmed, R.A., Angel, C., Martell, R., Pyne, D. and Keenan, L., 2016. The Impact of Homelessness and Incarceration on Womens Health. Journal of Correctional Health Care, 22(1), pp.62-74. Aihw.gov.au, 2016. [online] www.aihw.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/homelessness/ [Accessed 27 Aug. 2016]. Bullen, J., 2015. Governing homelessness: The discursive and institutional construction of homelessness in Australia. Housing, Theory and Society, 32(2), pp.218-239. Chamberlain, C., Johnson, G. and Robinson, C. eds., 2014. Homelessness in Australia. UNSW Press. Fildes, J., 2016. Home and away: Child and youth homelessness in Australia. Parity, 29(3), p.6. Flatau, P., Thielking, M., MacKenzie, D. and Steen, A., 2015. The cost of youth homelessness in Australia study: snapshot report 1. Gough, I., 2014. Case Management as a Key Response to Homelessness in Australia. Parity, 27(3), p.9. Harvey, C., Brophy, L., Parsons, S., Moeller-Saxone, K., Grigg, M. and Siskind, D., 2016. People living with psychosocial disability: Rehabilitation and recovery-informed service provision within the second Australian national survey of psychosis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(6), pp.534-547. Meyer, S., 2016. Examining women's agency in managing intimate partner violence and the related risk of homelessness: The role of harm minimisation. Global public health, 11(1-2), pp.198-210. Milbourne, P. and Cloke, P.J., 2013. International perspectives on rural homelessness. Routledge. Moore, R., 2016. Women, family violence and homelessness: Trauma-informed care as a standard, not a speciality. Parity, 29(4), p.57. Parsell, C., Jones, A. and Head, B., 2013. Policies and programmes to end homelessness in Australia: Learning from international practice. International Journal of Social Welfare, 22(2), pp.186-194. Redcross.org.au, 2016. [online] https://www.redcross.org.au. Available at: https://www.redcross.org.au/homelessness.aspx [Accessed 27 Aug. 2016]. Sharam, A. and Hulse, K., 2014. Understanding the nexus between poverty and homelessness: relational poverty analysis of families experiencing homelessness in Australia. Housing, Theory and Society, 31(3), pp.294-309. Wood, G., Batterham, D., Cigdem, M. and Mallett, S., 2014. The spatial dynamics of homelessness in Australia 20012011. Youthcentral.vic.gov.au, 2016. [online] www.youthcentral.vic.gov.au. Available at: https://www.youthcentral.vic.gov.au/housing-accommodation/homelessness [Accessed 27 Aug. 2016].

THE POSTGRADUATE COURSES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. Essays - Education

THE POSTGRADUATE COURSES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. 1. Pre-master course : Post graduate Foundation Programes(6-9 month) -Form: The programme of course: learning English + research skills and postgraduate study + elective subject. - Diploma: Master's degree => +The course will ensure you can continue to master at a certain university in United Kingdom. + Some of program is designed specifically to prepare for the MBA class. 2. Postgraduate Diploma and Certificate (MA/Diploma; MSc/Diploma ): PGCE, PG Dip, PG Cert: (9 month) - Form: + The content of this course :specific subjects, for example, the Post Diploma Certificate management science, education and information technology. + Based on the teaching of science and not having research,and no project or thesis. - Diploma: Postgraduate Certificate (PG Cert) Postgraduate Diploma (PG Dip) => as the professional qualifications can make a great start in the profession. 3. Masters programs(MA, MSc, LLM, MEd,and the other programs): is called Taught Masters ( 1 year) - Form: + Type of research programs of study in a context / environment, for example, the interdisciplinary master's program in science or in a practical application environment. + to complete a number of subjects: participating in lectures and discussions, essay writing and exam and researching for thesis. - Diploma: Master of Arts (MA) Master of Education (MEd), Master of Science (MSc), Master of Law (LLM) => bringing a depth of knowledge in a narrow specialization of disciplines. > Beside: Having 2 other forms of master's programs: 4. Research Master's Course(Mres): (1-3 years) - Form: + The program content focuses on the development of research skills of students and research a single topic. + This program requires a project / thesis of a longer essay Taught master's courses - Diploma: Master of Philosophy (MPhil) Master by research (MA/MSc) Master of Research (MRes) => To be useful for graduate students preparing for a doctorate (PhD) or graduate students working in areas related to research. 5. Master-business administration (MBA) : (1 year) - Form: + Designed on the basis of practical experience of students should bring a very high level of skills in business and administration. + Type of MBA: MBA tong quat (General MBA) & MBA chuyn ngnh (Specialist MBA) - Diploma: Master of Business Administration (MBA) => Making an opportunities on the management level. 6. PhD programs: including: . Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or DPhil) course (minium 3 years): - Form: is a research program (Research Doctorates), the result of course is a project / dissertation from 70.000 to 100.000 words with the unique innovation and in principle, the initiative could be announced. - Diploma: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or DPhil) including New route PhD . Taught Doctorates course (minium 3 years): - Form: Ologies: technology (Deng), administrator (DBA), music (DMus) and education (DED). - Diploma: Doctor of Education (DEd) Doctor of Engineering (DEng) Doctor of Management (DBA) . New route PhD course (4 years) - Form: Focus on 9 fields: Social sciences, arts, humanities, languages, economics, and business administration, natural sciences, mathematics, technology, medicine. => To satisfy the needs of the economy based on knowledge of today and to meet the needs of enterprises for personnel.

A Guide to LaTeX Document Classes

A Guide to LaTeX Document Classes A Guide to LaTeX Document Classes LaTeX is a powerful editing tool for preparing documents in the sciences, computing, and engineering. You can use it to create a variety of document types, from short letters to entire books. But to make sure your work turns out as intended, you’ll need to understand LaTeX document classes. Setting a Document Type All LaTeX documents must include the \documentclass markup tag. This controls the overall layout of the document, with different classes offering different default settings. The \documentclass markup always appears at the beginning of the document and allows you to pick the overall document type. For instance, we could set a document up as follows: The \documentclass markup tag. This would produce a document formatted as an article (essentially, this covers any short document without chapter breaks). We will run through some common document classes below. LaTeX Document Classes There are actually dozens of LaTeX document classes from which to choose. But most of these are specific to particular journals or universities, so you won’t need to use them. However, it is useful to know some widely used classes. These include: Document Class Standard Usage article Used for journal articles, short reports, and any other short documents that do not require a cover page and that are not divided into chapters. beamer A popular document class for presentations. Uses a landscape page format and uses slides (or â€Å"frames†) rather than standard pages. book Used for typesetting books. The book class allows you to use the \frontmatter, \mainmatter and \backmatter commands, which control section and page numbering. IEEEtran For articles published in an IEEE journal format. letter Used to create a formal letter. memoir A version of the book class with additional typesetting options. proc Used for typing up the proceedings of a conference or event. report Ideal for longer articles or shorter books where chapter divides are necessary but where the full book formatting is not required. slides Used to create slides for a presentation. Simpler to use than the beamer class, but with fewer customization options for complicated presentations. Most of these classes also offer a range of options so you can change the general layout and font size. However, if you pick the right class for your document, the default settings will usually suffice.

Why The Book Is Always Better Than The Movie

Why The Book Is Always Better Than The Movie If youre anything like me, I cant help myself when a movie is announced for a book (or book series) that Ive read. I just have to go see it. Like I said, I cant help myself. Of course, the other thing that you and I may have in common is our reaction when we come out of the theater. No matter how well done the movies been, theres a level of disappointment. And we find ourselves saying, the book was better. Its All About Our Brains To understand this dynamic, its important to know that over 50% of your brain is wired for visuals. In fact, of all the stimuli that your brain processes, it consumes visual information 60,000 times faster than anything other. Given these realities, you might assume the movie should always be better than a book. They rarely have pictures in them, after all. But heres the thing. When we read a book, if its written well, the words cause our brains to create visuals. The story materializes in our heads as images. Images that are powerful and detailed. Again, if its written well. And that explains why the book is always better than the movie. Because our own brains create far more detailed and rich visuals than even Spielberg can do. Over 50% of your brain is visual. It consumes visual information 60,000 times faster than anything other. How Does This Impact The Content Youre Writing? The takeaway for me comes down to three realities. First, use stories to share information. Its easier to imagine a story than a fact. That doesnt mean you cant share fact. It just means you should wrap your facts in stories so that people can better envision them. Stories take people places in their minds, and thats good for you. Your content has a longer shelf-life if it finds a home. Wrap your facts in stories so people can envision them better. @ChrisLemaSecond, share information in its context. When I write about pricing, I rarely spend time on the research side of things. Or equations. Its either too complicated or too boring. Its hard to envision. Instead, I place the new findings in context. In the recent eBook I wrote on pricing for products, I took people to the movie theater, the shoe store, and more. The lessons had to do with pricing. The facts were pricing-related. But the context is what helps people remember the lessons. They can imagine themselves looking at four pairs of shoes and having to decide which to buy. Share information in context so people remember better. @ChrisLemaLastly, keep the takeaways short and tight. I recently gave a talk on pricing services where my takeaways were in the form of tweets. To keep the observation to less than 140 characters took some discipline. But it was worth it. Heres why. Youve read a great book before, right? And what do you do? You tell other people about it. Its how you talk about whether youre going to go see it at the movies, when it comes out. And what do you share? Likely, its the title of the book. Maybe the author. But notice that these are short things to remember. Thats what makes them useful. Try telling someone about a book whose name you cant remember, as you start sharing the plot. This is often how people write posts. The takeaways arent super clear and its almost like you had to be there. So instead, keep your takeaways tight, short, and easy to remember. It will make them easy to share.

Social Media and technology have had a positive effect on Teens and Research Paper

Social Media and technology have had a positive effect on Teens and Students - Research Paper Example According to (Charlie)â€Å"Man has worked hard to improve technology consistently to do various tasks fast and effectively†. It is a wide known fact that, everyone in this world is influenced by social media and technology. However the most people affected positively by social media and technology are the teenagers and students. Now that every activity in the world is controlled by social media and technology, its impact on teenager and student is worth appreciating. Since teenagers and students are continuously exposed to social media instruments and hi –fi technological gadgets, their very life is overly tuned according to it. If we look at the most influential social media which affects the teenagers and students positively, then we can name it as internet and cell phones. Social media is a phenomenon where in the people are able to communicate with each other predominantly with the use of online and technical communicative instruments. Even though, television, radio and newspaper do communicate with people in different ways, the effect which internet and mobile has on people is potential and humongous. Social media can be explained as the various online services available to people like social networking sites, web conferencing services, online chat services, forums and so on. Man being a social creature has always been inventive with regard to socializing methods. And ultimately through a long struggle and adventure, he has reached a point where things work on the movement of his fingertip. Now the whole world moves with the aid of social media and it has made the life of people more enjoyable, entertaining, creative and progressive. Social media is all about sharing thoughts and ideas, collaborating and joining together to be more creative and artistic, being commercial and vigorous, active conducting of debates and arguments, friend seeking and

Health and Illness Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health and Illness - Assignment Example I think World Health Organization did not include the definition of illness as such because illness is actually an aspect of health, since it is not merely and absence of disease. For me though, health is a general condition of the mind, body and spirit – it could be well or unwell. A person with a healthy outlook in life is usually physically healthy as well. Sickness can be a disease or an illness. Disease, for me, is physical damage to one’s body – a deficiency, maybe, or a wound or trauma. Illness, on the other hand, refers to the sociocultural context of having a disease, and this includes the experience and perception of a disease. It may also include religious and spiritual infirmities and disbeliefs. What I mean about the sociocultural context is that the patient and his community define, classify the episode of sickness in a way that it is meaningful to them and the society in general. It does not have to be a technical â€Å"malfunction of the body†, and can accommodate meaning defined by how a person is feeling and thinking. Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19-22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April

Determination in the Movie Apollo 13 Essay Example for Free

Determination in the Movie Apollo 13 Essay â€Å"Hello, Houston. This is Odyssey. Its good to see you again.† These were the words Jim Lovell said as he splashed down into the Pacific Ocean after spending 8 days in a freezing hell. Stuck in the confined quarters of the Apollo 13, those words were the embodiment of achieving your goals through determination. During the flight there were more displays of determination than I could possibly cover, so I am going to write about the three that stuck out to me the most. Jack Swigert was the one docking and flying the shuttle and didnt want to leave any room for error in his skills. Ken Mattingly, spent hours upon hours getting the boot sequence for the computer right so they could correct the shuttle path. Last but certainly not least the engineers building a CO2 filter out of spare parts without any proper tools. Jack Swigert was moved up from back up crew to main crew after Ken Mattingly got the measles. He was just as trained as the other guys but they werent a team. Everyone was a little sceptical about his skills because they had never flown with him and had had Mattingly as a pilot for a very long time. Swigert was doing a routine docking simulation when the people running it threw some engine failures at him without giving him a warning light, but he recuperated quickly and pulled off the manoeuvre flawlessly. Coming off of this success and being accepted by your new crew mates most people would be on top of the world and not feel the need to practice that move again, but not Swigert, he noticed that he used a bit to much fuel and although that’s not a horrible thing considering the situation, he insisted on practising again until he could do the manoeuvre with out any mistakes, no matter the problems. This kind of determination is only comparable to feats committed by his fellow astronauts like Ken Mattingly. Ken Mattingly was kicked off of the original Apollo 13 mission because he had contracted the measles virus. After this he went home, disconnected his phone, turned off his t.v. and went to bed. John Young Goes to Mattinglys house to wake him up because they need him to come to NASA to create a boot sequence that can be used in the emergency on the shuttle. So Ken Mattingly, after being kicked off of the job of a lifetime because of measles that he didnt actually get, being hungover, and not getting much sleep, goes to NASA and spends hours upon hours on his back in a cramped simulator kept cold and dark to emulate the situation in the actual shuttle looking for the right sequence. After many many failed attempts they finally find an ingenious solution, completely breaking the mold for all regular operations. Ken Mattingly got the boot sequence under 12 amperes, just the right amount to safely get the crew home. Mattingly wasnt on the space shuttle and yet he was one of the most important people in getting the crew home, this is because a shuttle launch only happens because of the determination of hundreds of people. Some people often overlooked in space exploration are the people who designed the ships in the first place. Not the people who built it, or the people who flew it but the ladies and gentlemen who came up with the schematics first, the engineers. At one point in the movie the CO2 levels in the craft became so dangerously high that the crew could begin experiencing blackouts and brain damage. They needed a second air filter and didnt have a spare that would fit. The engineers back on earth were told to â€Å"invent a way to put a square peg in a round hole. Rapidly.†. They were given only the parts that would have been available on the shuttle; tape, plastic bags, a space suit, hosing, things like that, no real tools, no actual spare parts, but they did it. They made that filter fit and saved the lives of three men and the reputations of many others. These engineers are one of the primary reasons everyone survived that mission. These men were given an impossible situation and told it had to be done, everyone of them not only stepped up to the plate but they hit the ball out of the park. Jack Swigert, Ken Mattingly, and the NASA engineers, they showed that sheer determination can lead to the achievement of any goals you have set for yourself. Without their determination the mission could easily have ended in three horrific and tragic deaths, but that was not the case and everyone involved will be forever grateful. Ron Howard, using the actions of these men, showed us the true meaning of determination, how anything can be done if you keep trying. Howard painted a beautiful picture of people simply doing what had to be done no matter how impossible the task. We should all look up to people like this.

Media change Analysis Essay -- Technology, Broadcasting, BBC News, CNN

Introduction: From mid-fifteenth-century, an advance of printing technology (Twyman, 1998), the birth of separate re-usable letters in Europe, brings up a significant change for the media broadcasts . To suit with the change of technology and culture, the form of media is changing rapidly. From verbal to visual, form newspaper to television, it is no doubt to say that changes in media provide so much benefit to us. To share messages ‘real time’ and globally, some new media like news weblogging and youtube are existing in these 10 years because of the mature of internet technology. This paper will discuss how this media called â€Å"internet† will give a dramatically effect and impact to global within these 10 years. The arising of new media: The above figure indicates that users who search BBC news are increasing steadily. The flow of increasing means more and more readers try to read news online. On the other hand, it may bring up a big challenge to the ordinary newspaper because not much reader will watch both of ordinary and web newspaper. The feature of new media: By Online News and the Public (Bruce Garrison, 2004)2, the Palo Alto Weekly in California is credited as the first Web newspaper in 1994. Comparing with ordinary newspaper, online news is providing a more efficiency platform in presenting breaking news in a timelier manner. Reporters can upload the news every time and every where instead of ordinary newspaper, that have to print out. Also, online newspaper can help to decrease costs. Releasing online can eliminated the cost of inventory, printing and transporting. Division between old media and new media: To create a new tend for changing the behavior of readers, new media should have some significantly poi... ...iendly. To keep the quality, creditability and ethic of the online media, some organizations are tries to provide some high standard quality in paid access. Many online audiences expect content to be free, but some news organizations have turned to subscription services or in a paid access. In Hong Kong’s news website, Like the pay area of Young Post of South China Morning post, users have to pay an annual fee to get the access for subscribe the news and some interesting information. Through the paid system, organizations are become more easily to keep the news quality as they have more income to operate and quality control the news. The best way to improve their attitude is build up a good journalistic environment. Through the government promotion and monitoring among media industry, the journalistic environment will bring up so much benefit among media. Media change Analysis Essay -- Technology, Broadcasting, BBC News, CNN Introduction: From mid-fifteenth-century, an advance of printing technology (Twyman, 1998), the birth of separate re-usable letters in Europe, brings up a significant change for the media broadcasts . To suit with the change of technology and culture, the form of media is changing rapidly. From verbal to visual, form newspaper to television, it is no doubt to say that changes in media provide so much benefit to us. To share messages ‘real time’ and globally, some new media like news weblogging and youtube are existing in these 10 years because of the mature of internet technology. This paper will discuss how this media called â€Å"internet† will give a dramatically effect and impact to global within these 10 years. The arising of new media: The above figure indicates that users who search BBC news are increasing steadily. The flow of increasing means more and more readers try to read news online. On the other hand, it may bring up a big challenge to the ordinary newspaper because not much reader will watch both of ordinary and web newspaper. The feature of new media: By Online News and the Public (Bruce Garrison, 2004)2, the Palo Alto Weekly in California is credited as the first Web newspaper in 1994. Comparing with ordinary newspaper, online news is providing a more efficiency platform in presenting breaking news in a timelier manner. Reporters can upload the news every time and every where instead of ordinary newspaper, that have to print out. Also, online newspaper can help to decrease costs. Releasing online can eliminated the cost of inventory, printing and transporting. Division between old media and new media: To create a new tend for changing the behavior of readers, new media should have some significantly poi... ...iendly. To keep the quality, creditability and ethic of the online media, some organizations are tries to provide some high standard quality in paid access. Many online audiences expect content to be free, but some news organizations have turned to subscription services or in a paid access. In Hong Kong’s news website, Like the pay area of Young Post of South China Morning post, users have to pay an annual fee to get the access for subscribe the news and some interesting information. Through the paid system, organizations are become more easily to keep the news quality as they have more income to operate and quality control the news. The best way to improve their attitude is build up a good journalistic environment. Through the government promotion and monitoring among media industry, the journalistic environment will bring up so much benefit among media.

Children and parents Essay

A new age man is a man that a man that believes in equality and shares all household chores with is partner exactly and contributes equally as much as the women. This is different from a house husband because this is a man who has had a complete role reversal and takes on the traditional role of a house wife and stays at home full time. We cannot generalise about role relationships across society because changes in role relationships have not occurred at the same pace or to the same extent through all sectors of society. Role relationships vary according to social class and ethnicity. Home based entertainment, for example DIY give spouses’ things in common which gives them a friendlier and more loving relationship. Contraception has allowed couples to have children later and also it means that a lot of couples choose to have smaller families or no children at all. This does not apply to some religions such as Catholics who do not believe in using contraception. Women can now plan when to start their families and to have children resulting in them planning them around their careers. Feminism is an approach that fights for the equal rights of women. This is a large factor in the changing equality in the home because more women demand to be treat as their partner’s equal. It has lead to the rejection of the housewife role. There is an increase in male unemployment more men have become more involved in domestic tasks. Jane Wheelock (1990) conducted research into this topic and found that men undertook a lot more housework and childcare while unemployed. One survey showed that mothers that also worked outside home had it worse because they still spend more hours on housework a week then they do at their paid place of work. On average these women spend 62 hours a week on house hold tasks were fathers who also worked only spent 23 hours on house work. Another survey shows that some traditional gender role are still being passed down to the younger generations( 1992-93) such as girls still taking more of a part in cooking, cleaning and child care but boys are doing more things for themselves like cleaning their own rooms, making beds and washing their own clothes. Sometimes sociologists say that social class and ethnicity change role relationships. It is suggested that working class families are more male dominated (patriarchal). Evidence proves that middle class conjugal relationships are more equal than working class ones but it is also said that working class fathers are more involved in childcare. It is believed that Asian families are usually based on unfair patriarchal relationships. Westwood and Bhachu (1988) challenge this idea arguing that images of the Asian family are usually based on prejudice and prejudgement. They point out that Asian families are in fact British families and are a strong source of resistance against the racism of British society. In reality there are ethnic differences between Asian people in Britain according to religion and social class, which makes it hard to generalise about the Asian family. Henriques and Slaugher talk about the patriarchal relationships between men and women. This means that the relationship is male dominated. They talk about the two different segregated roles. Relationships between children and parents have changed over time but it has always varied between working, middle and upper class families. Throughout the nineteenth century life chances varied a lot for different classes for children. A paid employee such as a nanny would often look after higher-class children. This would often separate their children from their parents and so it would be harder for them to develop a strong bond. Working class children on the other hand, especially boys would often have to start work very young. There was a wider range of jobs for boys were available but girls would often have to work in cotton factories. The hours would be long and the pay and conditions would often be unfair. Poverty prevented parents sending their children to school and sometimes they would only send their boys but keep the girls at home to teach them how to be a good housewife. Mothers would often have a close relationship with her daughter. People used to have children so they could send them out to work to earn money for the family. Sometimes parents thought that education just blocked this. Another reason why people used to have children was so they had someone to take care of them in old age. Factors that changed these relationships included the growth of the welfare state, which meant people no longer needed children to look after them in old age. Parents could no longer send children out to work at such a young age because of protective legislation, this meant that law including factory and mine acts stopped it. There was a growth of the meaning of childhood and they remained children for longer because of the state of education in 1870 meant you had to attend school. Children were given more attention by parents, media and toys invented a new childhood and children and parents spent more time together. Today the relationship is usually warmer and more caring than in the past. Children are seen as more important and taken a lot more seriously. There have been changing attitudes towards discipline and laws against hitting children in Scotland. It is now seen as wrong to hurt a child, if they do organisations (social services) get involved. There is more of an emphasis on freedom and children’s rights. Relationships are more children centred and because family sizes are smaller children get more attention. In 1976 a law was passed to say that the minimum age of leaving school was 16 and though a child can work before then the hours and law restricts times. This means that children are financially dependent on their families for long periods of time especially if they go on to further education. Children are fully dependent on their parents and this can sometimes bring stress and tension to the family. Not all relationships between child and parents have improved as sadly cruelty to children is still widespread and the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) estimate that around 600 children are intentionally harmed by their parents each year.

Patellar Tendon Integrity Health And Social Care Essay

The patellar sinew is normally used as a site for transplant crop for usage in Anterior Cruciate Ligament ( ACL ) Reconstruction. This paper will discourse the construction and maps of the patellar sinew that make this sinew a good tantrum for ACL Reconstruction and the effects that graft harvest has on the staying patellar sinew. The maps of sinews are to attach musculus to cram, convey tonss from musculus to cram, assist supply stableness and guide gesture. There are a couple grounds why the patellar sinew is used to replace an injured ACL. The patellar sinew is about the same length as the ACL. Using the patellar sinew along with bone transplants from the shinbone and kneecap allows for bone to cram healing. The process that uses the patellar sinew for ACL Reconstruction is called a Bone Patellar Tendon Bone Graft ( BPTB ) . An scratch about 8 centimeters long is made below the kneecap. The sawbones so removes the in-between tierce of the patellar sinew along with the bone fond regards from the kneecap and tibial tubercle. The articulatio genus is somewhat flexed. This provides some tenseness in the sinew leting the sawbones to do a more precise cut of the fibres. Holes are so drilled in the shinbone and thighbone for fond regard in topographic point of the injured ACL. The staying patellar sinew is sutured tight together and the paratenon is sutured tightly over the sinew. Bone stopper may or may non be placed in the kneecap or tibial tubercle defects. ( Busam et al, 2008 ) This process affects the patellar sinew ‘s length, strength, burden to failure and mending procedure of the residuary sinew. Normal sinew healing has three stages: Acute redness, Proliferation and Remodeling. Acute redness occurs in the first three yearss. An addition in the figure of glycosaminoglycans and collagen cells is seen. The collagen cells are indiscriminately placed and disorderly arranged. Proliferation occurs between the 2nd and 6th hebdomad. In this stage the hurt is filled with fibroblastic cells that line up perpendicular to the older original fibres. The synovial bed is restored and so the fibroblasts realign parallel to the original sinew. The reconstructing stage may last up to four months. In this stage the new tissue resembles the original sinew as more blood flow reaches the immature tissue. In a six twelvemonth MRI survey of patellar sinew mending it was found that the size of the giver site spread decreased significantly. In this survey the staying patellar sinew was non sutured together. The end of the survey was to find if the patellar sinew giver site would look normal six old ages after reaping the cardinal 3rd. The cardinal portion of the sinew was found to be dilutant and the outer parts were found to be thicker after six old ages. In every topic the breadth of the patellar sinew was wider than the original sinew. The survey concluded that the patellar sinew does n't wholly normalise after being used for an ACL transplant. It ‘s of import to maintain in head that in this survey the giver site was n't wholly sutured. ( Svensson et al, 2004 ) ( Sanchis et al, 1999 ) An in vitro survey executing a remotion of the in-between tierce of the patellar sinew with a sutured closing of the defect was done to analyse the stages of sinew healing. Normal healing was seen with inflammatory hempen tissue busying the giver defect at three hebdomads. At 12 hebdomads the hempen tissue that occupied the defect was replaced by cicatrix tissue that was irregular and disorganised. At twenty four hebdomads reconstructing had taken topographic point in most of the giver defect. The dense cicatrix tissue had been remodeled into good defined and vascularized collagen. This survey showed a normal patterned advance of mending with clip. ( Bertollo et al, 2010 ) The takeaway message from these last two surveies is that complete closing of the defect with suturas provides better healing. A survey was done to measure how the in-between tierce of the patellar sinew healed after transplant remotion. The survey included 12 patients who underwent ACL alteration surgery utilizing reharvested patellar sinew autographs ten old ages after original harvest home. Biopsies were taken from the reharvested sinews. Using an negatron microscope the survey revealed impairment of fiber construction with separation of fibres compared to a tight jammed parallel orientation of the control specimens. ( Liden et al, 2008 ) In a recent MRI survey it was found that after taking the in-between tierce of the patellar sinew the staying sinew shortened by an norm of 4.2 millimeter or approximately 10 % of its original length. ( Hantes et al, 2007 ) This shortening may or may non ensue in Patella Infera. ( Bertollo et al, 2010 ) ( Upadhyay et al, 2005 ) Patella Infera is an abnormally distal place of the kneecap. This new place may do anterior articulatio genus hurting or restricted ROM due to alterations in joint burden. A survey comparing the tensile strength of the patellar sinew before and after taking the in-between tierce was done on corpses. The burden to failure before transplant remotion was an norm of 1920 N of force while after transplant harvest the burden to failure was an norm of 1460 N of force. ( Adams et al, 2006 ) Another survey utilizing corpses compared the tensile strength of the in-between patellar sinew to the residuary sinew after transplant remotion. This survey concluded that the residuary sinew was non stronger than the in-between 3rd that was removed. ( Matava & A ; Hutton, 1995 ) This shows that the tensile strength and burden to failure of the patellar sinew decreased after remotion of the in-between 3rd. A survey examined the strength of patellar sinews before and after surgery based on breadth. The survey concluded that the smaller the size of the sinew the less strength could be regained after surgery. ( Shelbourne et Al. 2004 ) In decision, after usage for an ACL transplant the patellar sinew shortens which may do kneecap infera. Strength is decreased and normal fiber orientation does n't wholly return. This makes sense because the new immature collagen fibres have fewer cross links than mature fibres. The patellar sinew can and will retrieve if the process is done right. However, it will non return to original strength, length or histological visual aspect.

English Prose Study Essay Essays - English-language Films

English Prose Study Essay Essays - English-language Films English Prose Study Essay Miss Havisham is first introduced to the reader when Mr Pumblechook (Pips Uncle) announces that Miss Havisham Requests Pips presence to play at her house. Miss Havisham fits into the main plot because she trains Estella to break their hearts. When Pip sees Estella for the fist time, he instantly falls in love with her. Miss Havisham sees this and she encourages Pip to do so. Miss Havisham was also, in Pips eyes, the cause of his Great expectations Miss Havisham may also have been placed in the novel by Dickens, To explore how the effects of bad experiences on people. In this case it would be Miss Havisham being jilted on her wedding day In the first description of Satis house you get the image of a dilapidated house that has been abandoned even though there is someone there still living there. When pip goes to miss Havishams house she asks him to touch her heart. This according to her is Broken. When Miss Havisham says I sometimes have sick fancies this shows that Miss Havisham is mentally disturbed in the head. Satis house is an old decaying house, which was turned this way by Miss Havishams neglect. When Pip returns to miss Havishams she takes him into her wedding breakfast room. There is a rotting cake in the middle of the table. This sums up Miss Havishams life perfectly. Forgotten and Mouldy. Another thing that is made out to be strange is that al the clocks have been stopped at twenty to nine. This makes it sound like her life has been frozen in time, as she also wore one shoe, half her veil was arranged and she still wore a decaying wedding dress. This makes the readers believe that she has frozen time at that exact point. Miss Havisham plays an important part in the Novel as she leads pip into believing that she was his benefactor because he believed that she was rearing him for Estella when in fact it was the convict (Magwitch). Miss Havishams character at the beginning of the novel is made out to be cruel and heartless, however later on in the novel she turns over a new leaf and begs for Pips forgiveness just before she is burnt to death. Charles Dickens explores the theme of sin and forgiveness in the novel. Throughout the novel some of the people who have sinned tried to redeem themselves the other people who have sinned havent. In addition, Dickens explores the theme of what is a gentle man. Compyson Who jilted Miss Havisham and manipulated Magwitch into doing his dirty work was considered a gentle man whereas Joe Gargery took in pip even though he was not related to him in any way took Pip in and gave him an aprentaship at the forge was not considered a gentle man because he had to work for a living. Dickens explores many themes in the Novel. The main one being the effects on people after a bad experience. In this case this is through Miss Havisham. Miss Havisham dearly loved Compyson and she cast away most of her family who forewarned her that he was trouble, But she ignored them all and when she got jilted by him on her wedding day she realised that her family were right. After this Miss Havisham adopted Estella so she could raise her up to be invulnerable to the effects of society were in actual fact she was more vulnerable when she grew up. Miss Havisham also raised her up to break there heart of men. This in a way is revenge for what Compyson put Miss Havisham Through. Another theme in the novel is sin and forgiveness. In Victorian society many people went to church so many people believed in Heaven and Hell. Throughout the novel many people sin. Magwitch, Compyson, Miss Havisham Orlick and many more. Some of these people try to redeem themselves like Magwitch who became a secret benefactor to Pip. I sleep rough so you can sleep smooth also Miss Havisham realises that that she has destroyed two peoples lives. She tries to redeem herself by grovelling to Pip. Oh

Pennsylvania Vital Records - Births, Deaths Marriages

Pennsylvania Vital Records - Births, Deaths Marriages Learn how and where to obtain birth, marriage, and death certificates and records in Pennsylvania, including the dates for which Pennsylvania vital records are available, where they are located, and links to online Pennsylvania vital records databases. Pennsylvania Vital Records: Division of Vital RecordsState Department of HealthCentral Building101 South Mercer Street, Room 401P.O. Box 1528New Castle, PA 16101Phone: (724) 656-3100 What You Need to Know:Check or money order should be made payable to Division of Vital Records. Personal checks are accepted. Call or visit the Web site to verify current fees. All requests for 1906 and later records MUST include the signature and photo ID of the individual requesting the record. The online request service is not available for genealogy requests. Pennsylvania Birth Records Dates: From 1 January 1906 Cost of copy: $20.00 (certified from State Vital Records); $5.00 (non-certified from the State Archives) Comments: Access to Pennsylvania records of birth that occurred less than 105 years ago is restricted to immediate family members and legal representatives (spouse, parent, siblings, children, grandparents, grandchildren). Other family members (cousins, etc.) can obtain a copy of a birth certificate only if the individual is deceased and a copy of the death certificate is submitted with the request. Birth records older than 105 years are open to the public. With your request, include as much as you can of the following: the name on the birth record being requested, date of birth, place of birth (city or county), fathers full name, (last, first, middle), mothers full name, including her maiden name, your relationship to the person whose certificate is being requested, your purpose for needing the copy, your daytime telephone number with area code, your handwritten signature and complete return mailing address.Application for Certified Birth Certificate   Non-certified copies  of birth certificates  are only available for the years 1906- 1909 and  of death certificates for the years 1906–1964. These can be obtained from the State Archives, not through State Vital Records * For earlier records, write to Register of Wills, Orphans Court, in the county seat of county where event occurred. Persons born in Pittsburgh from 1870 to 1905 or in Allegheny City, now part of Pittsburgh, from 1882 to 1905 should write to the Office of the Register of Wills for Allegheny County. For events occurring in the City of Philadelphia from 1860 to 1915, contact the City of Philadelphia Archives (be sure to ask for a non-certified, genealogy copy). Online:Pennsylvania Birth Records, 1906–1908  with images and index available as a subscription database on Ancestry.com; free to residents of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania Birth Indices, 1906–1910 (free) Pennsylvania Death Records Dates: From 1 January 1906 Cost of copy: $9.00 (certified from State Vital Records); $5.00 (non-certified from the State Archives) Comments: Access to death records older than 50 years in Pennsylvania is restricted to immediate and extended family members and legal representatives. Records older than fifty years are open to the public and accessible through the Pennsylvania State Archives. With your request, include as much as you can of the following: the name on the death record being requested, date of death, place of death (city or county), your relationship to the person whose certificate is being requested, your purpose for needing the copy, your daytime telephone number with area code, your handwritten signature and complete return mailing address.Application for Certified Death Certificate * For earlier records, write to Register of Wills, Orphans Court, in the county seat of county where event occurred. Persons who died in Pittsburgh from 1870 to 1905 or in Allegheny City, now part of Pittsburgh, from 1882 to 1905 should write to Office of the Register of Wills for Allegheny County. For events occurring in City of Philadelphia from 1860 to 1915, contact the City of Philadelphia Archives (be sure to ask for a non-certified, genealogy copy). Online:Pennsylvania Death Indices, 1906–1965  (free)Pittsburgh City Deaths, 1870–1905Philadelphia City Death Certificates, 1803-1915Pennsylvania Deaths 1852–1854  (Ancestry.com subscription required) available for 49 of 64 counties Pennsylvania Marriage Records Dates: Varies by county Cost of Copy: Varies Comments: Send your request to the Marriage License Clerk for the County Court House in the county where the marriage license was issued. Online:Pennsylvania County Marriages, 1885–1950Philadelphia Marriage Indexes, 1885-1951Record of Marriages, 1885–1891; incomplete listing from various PA counties (free) Pennsylvania Divorce Records Dates: Varies by county Cost of copy: Varies Comments: Send your request to the Prothonotary for the County Court House where the divorce decree was granted.

Death Penalty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Death Penalty - Research Paper Example The dark chapters of dealing with the provisions of death penalty must be removed from legal literature once for all. Much ambiguity and hesitation exists in the area of awarding the capital punishment in USA. Elucidating the scenario Franklin E. Zimring writes, â€Å"Some States reverse eight out of every ten death sentences on appeal, while other States affirm eight out of ten. And the current system of American capital punishment seems to be hated in equal measure by the opponents of capital punishment system and by those who support execution but desire more certainty and less delay.†(8) The undercurrent of displeasure against the death penalty is evident. The protagonists who insist for retaining the death penalty quote the progress made in the field of scientific research for investigation of crimes. DNA testing and other methods help to establish the guilt beyond doubt. The chances of innocent persons put to death are impossibility. The advocates of death penalty have certain strong arguments that appeal to the emotions. One of them is the grave issue of terrorism. The need to provide exemplary punishment to such enemies of humankind cannot be brushed aside easily. Some merit exists in the above arguments, and yet an enlightened society has to rely on options other than death penalty, which is a cruel procedure. It is the duty of the state to make a condemned prisoner a worthy individual. Since death penalty applies closure to the life-force of the convict, where is the chance for him to reform? The family members undergo untold miseries and some of them will suffer from life-long shocks that may result in severe physical and psychological problems. Instead, prosecutors need to have a variety of other types of punishments to teach a hard lesson to the one condemned to death sentence. This is a better procedure to serve the ends of justice. Punishment should be appropriate to the magnitude of the crime. Someone

Reflection and critical evaluation of performance, progress and Essay

Reflection and critical evaluation of performance, progress and learning - Essay Example There was a 25 day placement for the ‘WBL’ module and I used various methods to find a placement. I ended up looking at ‘The Sheffield Star’. I was lucky to find a job at ‘Matalan’. I attached my curriculum vitae in the form that I downloaded from the website of the company. After filling the form, I left it in the store. I was able to receive calls informing to come for an interview. I had been waiting anxiously hoping for the best. In one week time, I was able to receive a letter informing that I had successfully passed the interview and I was suppose to report after one week. My Performance on the job We are able to look back and learn through the practice and experience we have undergone mainly through reflective practice as confirmed by (Hartog, 2004: 2). My ‘Motivators’ were; the work itself, responsibilities, money, the star board in the staff room and my planned holiday. However Gearge (1996: 75) argues â€Å"Money is a tem porary motivator†. ... I was able to build a network with my colleagues strengthening the ties between us. I was encouraged by the network theory as expressed by Granovetter (1970). My colleagues were really impressed by the way I performed my activities making them to be close to me most of the time. I had a sense of belonging from the colleagues that encouraged me to effectively communicate with my colleagues (Hartog, 2004). Through effective communication I was able to know all employees that were in my in my department with their names. This enabled the job to be done effectively. The hygiene factors are necessary for the success of any job. This is due to the fact that every job requires workers who are healthy (Herzberg, 1959). I could not be able to work well if the health conditions were not of good quality. My performance at work was mainly encouraged by the presence of the salary. I knew it very well in my mid that without salary I could not work to my best. One thing that demotivated was the wor k conditions. The workstation that I had been assigned was small as compared to the ones of my colleagues. In every organization, supervision of the workers is necessary to improve the quality of work performance. This will enable the organization to be successful (Hartog, 2004). However, I didn’t have supervision and this affected my performance since I became reluctant. Due to the fact that there was no supervision, the understanding of the basic needs was not satisfied substantially as stated by theory of Maslow since I could not move up his hierarchy Maslow’s (1954). On the second week and particularly on day 14 I did not get any motivation. I knew that being ethical was the only motivation towards

The Country Husband Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Country Husband - Essay Example Francis, the leading male character of the story, suddenly finds himself in a situation where despite his efforts he cannot ignore the fact that something is missing in his suburban life. On the whole, it all seems quite right as suburban life might often look but underneath the surface lies a sense of restlessness as if there is a hole in the picture that needs to be filled. after an almost near-tragic experience on the plane, Francis returns home with a heightened sense of his mortality only to find that no one was really interested in that story. This leaves him with a sense of frustration and emptiness which makes him explore life outside his suburban existence. The reaction of his daughter Helen explains what really the core problem was. Helen, "doesnt understand about the plane crash, because there wasnt a drop of rain in Shady Hill" (Shady Hill, 54). She cannot fathom how her father could have been in an accident when weather was just fine in Shady Hill. This helps us understand what the issue is really. The people in Shady Hill cannot see beyond their own suburban boundaries. They are suffering from middle class complacency that doesn’t allow them to see beyond the limited sphere of suburban lives. That obviously limits a person’s view of the world and Francis slowly begins to realize it: â€Å"Looking back over the recent history of Shady Hill for some precedent,†¦"[Francis] found there was none. There was no turpitude; there had not been a divorce since he lived there; there had not even been a breath of scandal. Things seemed arranged with more propriety even than in the Kingdom of Heaven" (Shady Hill, 66). This surreal picture was however sometimes disturbed by people or animals that couldn’t gel well into the suburban structure. Two such people were Gertrude and Jupiter, a little girl and a black retriever, who were living lives on their own terms and in their own way. However

Anonymity in Theories of Crowd Behaviour

Anonymity in Theories of Crowd Behaviour Darrin Paul Explain the place of anonymity in theories of crowd behaviour. Is it always associated with a ‘loss of self’ (Dixon and Manhendran, 2012) Social psychology provides much information with regards to collective behaviour and the interaction of individuals within a crowd. It has been observed that an individual’s behaviour can be influenced and therefore altered when they become part of a large group or crowd. Dixon and Manhendran (2012, p.3) ‘state that anonymity shapes crowd behaviour’; to evaluate the effect of anonymity on collective behaviour, psychological and social processes need to be examined. Dose anonymity render individuals powerless to control their actions, resulting in primitive regressive behaviour as proposed by Le Bon (1895). Or is a loss of self, were crowd participants cease to identify themselves as individuals a factor of anonymity. Other theories such as social identity theory address the issue of identity and how people perceive themselves and others in a crowd, what they conform to and how they express their identity. Does anonymity within crowds inevitably lead to aggressive or antisocial behaviour or does it influence identity salience and group norms as well as strategic factors and power relations (Dixon and Mahendran, 2012)? Early research regarding collective behaviour of groups was proposed by Le Bon, he developed his theory of crowds in the latter years of the nineteenth century. Le Bon was of the opinion, that when people joined large relatively unstructured social groups, they engaged in spontaneous and atypical regressive behaviour. Le Bon proposed that crowds are ruled by a collective mind or ‘group mind’ were individual rationality is lost to a hypnotic state in which group members experience unconscious primitive instincts devoid of reason and culture. Due to an unconscious process known as contagion individuals become influenced by ideas, feelings and emotions generated within the crowd, which spreads rapidly throughout creating a collective mass, leading to a ‘loss of self’. The physical presence of others creates a sense of anonymity were the individual can feel masked, diminishing their sense of responsibility from social and moral norms, thus generating a sense of unaccountable power form their presence within the crowd. Freedman and Perlick (1979) studied the effects of laughter on crowds; they showed that mood and behaviour are likely to spread through the group via contagion (Dixon and Manhendran, 2012). Deindividuation theory proposed by Festinger, Pepitone and Newcomb (1952) is a translation of Le Bon’s theory. They defined clear antecedent variables such as anonymity and group immersion that lead to subjective changes in the individual. Deindividuation is defined as a loss of personal identity or loss of self were crowd members merge and become anonymous, rather than separate distinct individuals. This leads to weak constraints against impulsive behaviour and hence an inability to monitor or regulate the immediate demands of the group. Deindividuation theory differs from Le Bon, in that it challenges the concept of a group mind, it dose not propose that group members lose their mind to the collective mind, instead it’s the loss of self that effects the social context leading to a loss of control. The effect of anonymity releases the individual from internal moral restraints, generating behaviour that is impulsive, irrational and regressive (Dixon and Mahendran, 2012, p.6). Festinger et al found that males in a group, who remembered the least amount of information that was individuating, were more likely to show hostile, aggressive behaviour towards their parents (Dixon and Manhendran, 2012). Zimbardo (1969) further developed deinviduation theory, especially in relation to the association between anonymity and aggression. He believed that crowds provide a cloak of anonymity which diffuses personal responsibility for the consequences of an individuals actions. A loss of individual identity produces a reduced concern for social evaluation. Zimbardo carried out a study to support his theory; he dressed up some of his subjects in overalls and hoods and left the others in their own clothes with large name tags so they could be identified. The results appeared to support his theory, when asked to administer electric shocks in a, learning experiment, participants who had been deindividuated in hoods and overalls, gave shocks for longer periods, suggesting that anonymity had intensified aggression.Recent studies would also support Zimbardo’s findings; Silke (2003) found that statistics of paramilitary attacks in Northern Ireland showed that the severity of attacks increase d with high levels of anonymity when the perpetrators were disguised (Dixon and Mahendran, 2012). However other studies have shown that anonymity does not necessarily lead to acts of aggression or anti-social behaviour. Gergen, Gergen and Barton (1973) observed strangers in mixed gender groups in well or dimly lit rooms. Their observations revealed that participants engaged in acts of physical and emotional intimacy which created feelings of sexual arousal. It would indicate that the social context of a group can produce cues that influence whether anonymity produces negative behaviour. In relation to Gergen et al’s results, Johnson and Downing (1979) replicated Zimbardos 1969 experiment giving half the subjects Ku-Klux-Klan outfits and half a nurses outfit, were each group was either anonymous or not. Results showed that participants in the anonymous nurse condition reduced the amount of shocks given compared to those in the other conditions. Zimbardo also replicated his experiment with Belgian soldiers and found that the anonymous group shocked less, the exact opposite to his previous results. These results would suggest that aggressive, anti-normative behaviour, is not always the outcome and that deindividuation may involve a desire to conform to situational group norms rather than a disregard for social regulation (Dixon and Mahendran, 2012). Diener (1980) observed there was a problem in expressing the relationship between deindividuation and anonymity. He proposed that anonymity does not directly lead to deindividuation and a loss of self, but a loss of self awareness. The ability to remain self focused increases the ability for self regulation and individuation, he believed that the above studies made participants become more self-aware and therefore less likely to engage in aggressive behaviour. As with most theories deindividuation has been open to criticism regarding it’s mostly lab based studies that don’t allow more naturalistic studies to increase ecological validity, taking into consideration the insider viewpoint of participant meaning and purpose. The over emphasis of aggressive anti-normative behaviour ignores the positive normative outcomes of crowds and that social norms from the immediate environment, can be the basis of controlled, meaningful behaviour (Dixon and Mahendran, 2012). Social identity theory adopts the concept of social identification, individuals identify with the social identity of the crowd and conform to normative group behaviour through conformity of shared group norms. The theory states that during crowd membership and other deindividuating settings, ‘the individual does not simply experience a loss of self, but makes the transition from an individual identity to a more collective sense of self’ (Dixon and Mahendran, p. 13). This shift in the sense of self is a key difference when compared to deindividuation theory. Unlike Le Bon’s concept of contagion, individuals through inductive categorisation respond to cues from group representatives that define the beliefs, attitudes and objectives of the group, resulting in behaviour that is regulated by social standards. Individual identification of intergroup relations, also effects to what extent an individual will conform to the emergent, spontaneous and normative cues of the g roup (Dixon and Mahendran, 2012). Reicher (1984) adopted an internal crowd perspective by examining testimonies of the St. Pauls riots which occurred in Bristol in1980 and found that black and white youths identified with one another due to police and social injustices, creating a collective social identity which created an intergroup struggle against authority. In Reicher and Stott’s (2011) study of the 2011 London anti police riots, observed that participants were not seen as anonymous, but part of a community that knew one another. They argue that ‘rioters did not experience a loss of identity or self but rather a shift to a collective shared identity which gave their actions purpose and meaning’ (as cited in Dixon and Mahendran, 2012, p.19). They also point out that violence was not indiscriminate but targeted at police and symbols of authority (Dixon and Mahendran, 2012). Stott (2012) points out in his audio interview that the ability of crowds to express their identity is very important, especially when that ability is suppressed by police. He points out that dialogue and engagement are vital aspects of communication that are essential in creating perceptions of legitimacy in policing. This brings into consideration the influence of power relations on crowd behaviour, Holloway (1012) states that ‘it is a two way dynamic rather than something exercised by the powerful on the powerless’ (p. 47). Social identity theory outlines that manipulation of anonymity affects the power that the in-group has in expressing aspects of group norms that are deemed anti-normative by the out group, in this case the police (Dixon and Mahendran, 2012). There has been a significant amount of research and studies carried out into collective crowd behaviour; resulting in evidence that membership of a crowd alters human behaviour and the psychological state of an individual. Although Le Bon’s work lacks empirical evidence it was hugely influential on crowd behaviour and the role of anonymity in understanding the psychological dynamics of crowds. But as Reicher points out he exaggerates the violent and irrational nature of crowds. Deindividuation theorists can show evidence for loss of self and the relationship between anonymity and increased intensity of aggression, however as Deiner (1980) and Prentice-Dunne and Rogers show, deindividuation does not necessarily lead to a loss of self and anti-normative behaviour. Social identity theory provides evidence of the role of social identity in collective crowd actions that express group norms, but does not see the role of anonymity as a negative aspect of crowd relations. It would app ear that further research is required to develop a more comprehensive theoretical model than can explain the relation between anonymity, and identity in group relations. Word count: 1625 References: Dixon, J., Mahendran, k. (2012). Crowds In Hollway, W., Lucey, H., Phoenix, A., and Lewis, G. (eds). Social Psychology Matters (p.1-22). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Stott, C. (2012). Assessment of the 2011 riots. Milton Keynes: The Open University.