CMOP-E Case Study Example

CMOP-E Case Study Example Mrs. B is a 54 year old woman diagnosed with schizophrenia. After being stabilized with medication and receiving treatment, she struggled with finding and maintaining employment but eventually found a job as a sales associate. Recently, she was referred to see the OT because she was beginning to feel dissatisfied with her job and wanted to explore other options. In the past, she worked 4 or 5 day shifts a week; however, currently, her employer was giving her fewer shifts per week. Her shifts were in the evening, which made it difficult for her to spend time with family. She felt stressed because her employer was expecting her to complete more tasks but did not give her adequate time to complete them. She was also having interpersonal problems with her co-workers which added to the stress. She also indicated that she wanted to expand her social network as she felt that she had few friends. The OT provided her with resources that would assist with vocational readiness. To assist with e xpanding her social circle, the OT provided Mrs. B with a website that connected people based on interests. Using the above case study, this paper will discuss how the CMOP-E relates to OT practice. The focus of this paper is on the interaction between occupation and environment. CMOP-E Models provide OTs with a framework to gather information about the individual and to plan interventions. The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP) is based on a set of values and beliefs concerning occupation, person, environment, and client-centered practice (Hagedorn, 2001). A central construct of this model is that the client is involved in the process of determining needs and planning action; the therapists role is to enable this process and enable clients to engage in occupation (Hagedorn, 2001). The CMOP is an interactive model showing relationships between person, environment, and occupation (See Figure 1, part A) (Townsend Polatajko, 2007, p. 23). In the CMOP, the person, represented as a triangle, has three components cognitive, physical and affective, with spirituality at the core (Townsend Polatajko, 2007). The model shows that occupation connects the person and the environment (Townsend Polatajko, 2007). The key components of occupation include self-care, productivity and leisure (Townsend Polatajko, 2007). A critical review of the CMOP led to the portrayal of a trans-sectional view (see Figure 1, part B) (Townsend Polatajko, 2007, p. 23). The trans-sectional view of the CMOP can be used to show that occupation is of central interest and delimits the OTs concern with persons and environments. The transverse view with occupation front and centre presents occupation as OTs core domain of interest, showing that OTs are primarily concerned with human occupation, and the connections with the occupational person and the occupational influences of the environment; those aspects of person or environment that are not related to occupation are beyond OTs scope (Townsend Polatajko, 2007, p. 23 24). OTs need to consider the actual performance of an occupation and the level of importance it holds or the degree of satisfaction it brings to the individual, family, group or organization. OTs also need to consider the potential and possibilities for occupational engagement that is allowed by the oc cupation-person-environment interactions. CMOP is now CMOP-E with the added word engagement to extend the occupational perspective (Townsend Polatajko, 2007, p. 24, 28). Environment The environment in the CMOP is the context in which an individual performs occupations and includes physical, social, cultural, and institutional elements (Cole Tufano, 2008). The physical environment includes natural and built factors. This may include home, classroom, workplace, or natural environments (Cole Tufano, 2008). Social environment is composed of social groups such as family, coworkers, and community organizations (Cole Tufano, 2008). The social environment is the source of personal relationships (Duncan, 2006). Cultural environment may overlap with social environment and include religious, ethnic, and political factors which can affect the opportunities for, and barriers to, participation (Cole Tufano, 2008). The institutional environment includes the political and social systems that affect the number of opportunities present and provides rules and limits to an individuals occupations (Cole Tufano, 2008). Occupation The definition of occupation is (excerpted from Enabling Occupation, CAOT, 1997): Occupation refers to groups of activities and tasks of everyday life, named, organized, and given value and meaning by individuals and a culture. Occupation is everything people do to occupy themselves, including looking after themselves (self-care), enjoying life (leisure), and contributing to the social and economic fabric of their communities (productivity). (Townsend Polatajko, 2007, p. 17) The area of self-care encompasses all the tasks an individual goes through in a day to take care of oneself. Personal care includes basic activities of daily living, such as bathing, dressing, or personal hygiene. Self-care also includes instrumental activities of daily living, such as budgeting, driving, or grocery shopping (Radomski Latham, 2008). Productivity refers to an individuals economic contribution to society through paid and unpaid work. Some examples of productivity include paid employment, volunteer work, childcare, and homemaking (Radomski Latham, 2008). Leisure is activities that are completed voluntarily, intrinsically motivating and for enjoyment (Radomski Latham, 2008). Leisure activities may include quiet activities, such as reading, or active leisure such as sports, and socialization. (Randomski Latham, 2008). Application in Practice In the case study, the interaction between the occupations of productivity and leisure and the environment is evident. Mrs. Bs satisfaction in her productivity was influenced by the social environment of her job. Her strained relationship with her co-worker affected her job satisfaction and stress level. Having time constraints placed on her by her employer to complete certain tasks also increased her stress. Sparks and Cooper (1999) conducted a study to investigate the influence of seven job characteristics on mental and physical health. Results of the study showed that the quality of the social environment in the workplace is associated with stress. Mrs. B.s leisure was also affected by her productivity and social environment. Mrs. B. had limited time to spend with her family when she was scheduled to work evening shifts. Working in the evenings limited her opportunities to meet new people and expand her social network. Leisure is important because it allows an individual to have a balanced life. Research has shown that a balance between work and family predicts well-being and overall quality of life. (Greenhaus, Collins, Shaw, 2003) The cultural environment also affected Mrs. Bs productivity. Schizophrenia or mental illnesses by their nature lack visibility; therefore, encouraging the stigmatization of individuals with a mental illness (Copeland, 2009). In addition, society expects these individuals to work. This affected Mrs. B. because the expectation placed on her from society was that she should be working. The impact of the institutional environment on Mrs. Bs productivity is that the Government of Alberta requires individuals to meet certain conditions in order to be eligible for financial and health-related assistance programs, such as Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped (AISH) and Alberta Works. Some of the eligibility criteria for AISH are: must have a severe handicap that is permanent and substantially limits ability to earn a living, and income or income of cohabiting partner must not exceed the limits allowed under the program (Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped, AISH, n.d.). The institutional environment required Mrs. B to work because she did not qualify for AISH or Alberta Works. Mrs. B.s physical work environment was not addressed; however, looking at the work environment would be beneficial because it affects a persons job satisfaction. Some elements that may affect job satisfaction include the effect of lighting, noise levels, and floor configuration and furniture layout (Vischer, 2007). Leather, Pyrgas, Beale, and Lawrence (1998) conducted a study that examined the direct and indirect effects of windows in the workplace on job satisfaction, intention to quit, and general well-being. Results from the study showed a significant direct effect for sunlight penetration on all three factors. Self-care was also not addressed by the OT; however, it could be concluded that it did not have an effect on Mrs. Bs productivity. She was observed to have dressed appropriately and was well kept. It could be assumed that it was not an explicitly stated criterion for Mrs. B to demonstrate proper self-care before engaging in productivity with the OT. Self-care is a component that is important to address in productivity because an individual is usually interacting with others when working or volunteering. Being able to maintain proper self-care allows the individual to be socially accepted. Proper self-care also allows the individual to make a good first impression during job interviews and throughout his or her time as an employee. Conclusion The CMOP-E is a theoretical model that illustrates how occupational performance evolves from the interactions among the person, environment, and occupation. It provides OTs with a clear conceptual framework for thinking about the person throughout the occupational process. The CMOP-E with a person at its centre, demonstrates OTs client-centered practice. The application of the CMOP-E to Mrs. Bs case study demonstrates the dynamic and interdependent relationships between all aspects of environment and occupation. Through applying this model to Mrs. Bs case study, it is evident that practice is strongly based in theory.

Health prevention Essay

Health promotion according to World Health Organization, â€Å"Is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions.† In this assignment I have chosen three articles talking about the different health promotions. I will start with my article on teen suicide and primary prevention, then stroke article and secondary prevention and then depression and tertiary prevention. Primary Prevention My first article called, Preliminary Effectiveness of Surviving the Teens Suicide Prevention and Depression Awareness state, â€Å"Currently, suicide ranks as the third leading cause of death among youth ages 15-24 years.† This article talks about schools, since children are in school most of the day, using this time to talk about preventive ways to stop suicide. For this article health care prevention is defined as a way to teach students about increasing awareness and knowledge of suicide intervention, risk factors and warning signs of depression and suicide but to also teach problem solving and coping skills to our teenagers. (King, Strunk & Sorter, 2011) If we put all these together, school nurses and teachers can increase adolescent students to have better self-esteem, self-efficiency, and can increase their coping/problem solving skills and also, communication skills. We can teach the students about dealing with stressors and what good health behaviors are. This program called, â€Å"The Surviving the Teens Suicide Prevention and Depression Awareness Program,† is a school based program that helps with prevention of suicides and was developed by and registered nurse named Catherine Strunk. This school based program was offered by Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center in the Psychiatry Division. This program  is learned more towards kids in the high school setting. The classes are four days and 50 minutes per class. In this class a nurse can teach students and present them with factual information regarding depression, risk factors, suicide warning signs, suicide risk factors, and common myths associated with suicide. (King, Strunk & Sorter, 2011) The program covers so many areas and addresses different things. For instance, mental health, substance abuse, social and school stressors, trauma, grief and loss, just to mention a few. If states would adopt this program, I believe that students would benefit by implementing this program in high schools. It teaches children so many ways to cope in school and the outside world. This program teaches them the necessary skills to get through life and it helps them with self-esteem issues as well. School nurses and teaching staff can come together to help our children out so there will be less suicide attempts among children in this age group. To implement this once we got the program in our schools we would first have to get consent from the parents of our students. If we can teach our children about suicide and the risk factors along with reaching the skills and give them help with self-esteem we can prevent so many kids from attempting or succeeding at suicide. This program would be a major benefit in our school systems today. Secondary Prevention The second article chosen talks about secondary prevention in people who have already suffered one stroke. Emmie Malewezi, who wrote the article titles, Stroke policy and secondary prevention: how well are we adhering to these guidelines stated, â€Å"Recurrent stroke is more likely to be fatal than the first stroke and survivors are more likely to be left with major disability.† Strokes or Transient Ischemic Attracts or TIA for short, are very serious and after a patient has a TIA or major stroke is likely a recurrence of another one will happen within 90 days of the first stroke. (Malewezi, 2011) It is so important for a secondary prevention to start immediately and continue into their long term prevention. There are a few areas that are recommended for secondary prevention in stroke patients. First one is lifestyle modifications or changes. Patients who has had a stroke need to realize the importance of changing their lifestyle with exercise, diet, smoking if they were a smoker, weight, and alcohol  consumption. Nurses and family should be there to support the patient and nurses can help come up with a plan to help with modifying the patient’s lifestyle. â€Å" By increasing physical activity, losing weight, reducing sodium and alcohol intake, people have been shown to reduce systolic blood pressure and thus reducing their risk of stroke,† as stated by Emmie Malewezi. Another standard protocol for secondary prevention is an antiplatelet therapy. It has been shown research that if you use a combination of Aspirin with Dipyridamole will lower the risk of future vascular events then just taking Aspirin by itself. With patients who have Atrial Fibrillation, for example, should be on anticoagulant medication like Warfarin. The problem with Warfarin is the side effect of bleeding. This is why some physicians don’t necessarily want to prescribe it due to the risk of falling and then bleeding out. Lastly, a lipid medication is usually prescribed at discharge because high cholesterol or also called Hyperlipidemia can cause strokes as well. The nursing and Midwifery Council identifies health promotion as an important aspect of nursing practice. (Malewezi, 2011) Nurses are responsible for the role of secondary prevention by making sure they set aside time to sit with the patient and discuss and reinforce lifestyle modifications they are at such high risk for another stroke. In hospitals we now have stroke teams and patients are being seen quicker and discharged faster. This makes it impossible for the nurse to always go over all the secondary prevention needed for that patient. We need to get a plan established to make sure the patient can get all the information they need about their therapy and make sure the patient are aware of their medications, whether the medication is a new one or one they have already been on. Also, nurses need to make sure patients no how to take their medications. Sometimes problems like swallowing issues becomes a problem due to the stroke and we need to make sure the patient isn’t going to have a problems swallowing their medications. Secondary prevention is important for stroke patients and nurses need to understand their role they play so we can prevent another stroke in our patients. Tertiary Prevention Tertiary prevention in the third article talks about the promotion of  recovery and prevention of relapse for depression. This article is called Prevention and Management of Depression in Primary Care and it states, â€Å"Timey recognition of depression is essential to improve patient’s mental health in quality of life.† Depression can happen for so many reasons and some of those reasons are physical illness, financial issues, or even post-partum after child birth. The problem is suicide is a big risk when people become depressed if they are not given the help they need. For the patients who have developed depression and are being treated for it are now at the level of tertiary prevention. Tertiary prevention helps the patients by reducing the effects of the mental health condition on patients function and quality of life. Nurses can do this by giving support and encouragement. It is crucial for the nurses to teach their patients to take their antidepressants daily and to not stop them so relapse of depression doesn’t occur. The other role of the nurse that is vital in tertiary prevention is to make sure they ask their patients if they are becoming hopeless or wishing to hurt themselves by suicide. This is necessary because family history or past attempts of suicide is a big risk factor. If a patient tells a nurse that they have suicidal thoughts the nurse needs to be responsible to see if they have any support like family and friends so they can be taught about watching the patient’s mood, increased negativity, hopelessness or suicidal intent. If family or friends see any of these changes they need to call and get help for the patient. If the patient is at immediate risk the nurse needs to refer them to a mental health facility. Levels of Prevention In closing primary prevention helps healthy patients stay healthy and prevent or develop disease. Secondary prevention are for patients who have already been diagnosed and now needs to be taught how to slow down or stop the progression of a particular disease. While tertiary prevention is about management of a disease like diabetes, stroke, depression, heart disease or even cancer. Nurses play a vital role in each level of prevention to ensure good, quality health to our patients. References Hardy, S. (2013). Prevention and management of depression in primary care. Nursing Standard, 27(26), 51-56. King, K. A., Strunk, C. M., & Sorter, M. T. (2011). Preliminary Effectiveness of Surviving the Teens ® Suicide Prevention and Depression Awareness Program on Adolescents’ Suicidality and Self-Efficacy in Performing Help-Seeking Behaviors. Journal Of School Health, 81(9), 581-590. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00630.x Malewezi, E. (2011). Stroke policy and secondary prevention: how well are we adhering to these guidelines?. British Journal Of Neuroscience Nursing, 7(6), 684-690. World health organization. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/health_promotion/en/

A Guide to Well Written Paper

A Guide to Well Written Paper A well-written paper of agreement will greatly allow you to prevent any form of misunderstanding. Be sure the firm has what you demand. White papers are authoritative reports created to address problems. Custom made term papers are created by experienced and professionally trained experts. Nobody sits down to write with an ideal idea about what they're likely to say. If you're searching for a killer pre-made selection of study music, have a peek at Thomas's Ultimate Study Music Playlist. Folks search for printable lined papers for a great deal of explanations. Landscape The lined paper above is extremely helpful when teaching children to write. Paper Writing Services There is a significant large number of paper writing services sprouting on the web. Shaping a paper is a topic that's overlooked by the majority of writers. At the close of the day, writing a paper is still plenty of work. When you think that it is totally finished, you're prepared to proofread and format the essay. Each paragraph should discuss 1 topic within the number of information you intend to cover. The paragraphs ought to be organized into an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. The very first paragraph is the introduction and it provides a concise background on the subject. The Good, the Bad and Well Written Paper A well-written paper may be an effective means to reach a target audience that's searching for both particular data and a more conventional advertising dialog. If you're not careful, research may be one of the greatest approaches to procrastina te. Unfortunately, store term papers are usually obtained from websites and may also be in the hands of several other customers. For example if you'd like to compose a white paper to create leads, your topic might about a new and much better solution to a certain problem in the nanotechnology market. The New Angle On Well Written Paper Just Released With good site content you have the advantage of clearly depicting what it is you would like to share with people. It's possible to always reach out to your writer to present more specifics or request information concerning the order's progress. This information is supplied that you transform your writing into more of a practice. Such sites post a myriad of disclaimers about what sort of work is or isn't permitted to be offered or solicited. When you've completed your writing, it's quite important you return over it to hunt for any mistakes. It's often hard to see the errors in your own writing. The work has no spelling and gram matical mistakes. To be able to be writing a great paper, one should think of writing as a procedure. As an example, let's say an essay prompt asks you to have a position on whether you think grades are useful for students or should they do more damage than good. Get your point across but stick to listing only the critical facts a buyer should know to generate a buy decision. Only in such a circumstance, you will be able to become high grades you desire. The Ugly Secret of Well Written Paper What all you will need is getting the assistance from a specialist and EssaysChief is going to be the expert that you seek out. If you are aware of how to use example essays as a reference, established paper writing services might help you reach your academic targets. Also, you are going to interest the reader and represent your competence in a particular matter. Our experts know everything for their subjects. A writer can be based anywhere on the planet and are guaranteed to provide great contents and articles. To write well, he must be able to recognize quality in a piece of writing. In the real sense, he should be able to think extensively and write well. Whenever the writer is appointed, they begin working on your essay based on the requirements you have specified in your purchase.

The Separation Of Corporate Ownership Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1130 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Agency theory suggests that the separation of corporate ownership and control potentially leads to self-interested actions by managers (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). To combat agency problems, outside directors, due to their presumed independence relative to insiders, may be able to do a better job in monitoring and controlling management, thus helping improve firm performance (Walsh and Seward, 1990). In the conceptual, practitioner, and policy literature, there is a near consensus in favor of a higher proportion of outside directors. Still dwelling on whether independent directors produce superior performance for firms, and value for shareholders, Choi et al. (2007) report that the effects of independent outside directors on firm performance are strongly positive. Reporting under a study titled Do outside Directors Enhance Firm Performance: Evidence from an Emerging Market, the authors comment that the results of their study support a notion that board independ ence is critical in post-crisis emerging market environments that lack sufficient liquidity and infrastructure, and which are subject to economic instability and external shocks. So, for South Korea, an emerging market country, this study provides evidence that there is a positive relationship between board independence and higher firm performance, especially in the aftermath of the Asian crisis of 1997 which was seen to have occurred as a result of the poor governance system of that region. The authors thus report that the basic empirical result of their study is that board independence, measured by the proportion of outside directors on the board, has significant and positive effects on firm performance in the post economic- crisis Korea. They note that this positive relationship with firm performance is stronger in firms with true independent directors than with those whose non-executive directors have professional ties with their firm (grey directors). Comparing their findings w ith earlier findings in the US, the authors contrast their results from those obtained in the US that affirm no positive relationship between board composition and firm performance. An Analysis of the association between firms investment opportunities, board composition and firm performance is the subject of a study by Hutchinson (2002) in which 229 Australian firms were surveyed. Results of the study showed that the investment opportunities of the firms surveyed are strongly associated with a higher proportion of executive directors on the board. That is to say that firms that have a higher proportion of executive directors on their board tend to have more investment opportunities than firms with a greater proportion of non-executive directors. The result of the study also suggests that a higher proportion of non-executive directors on the board of growth firms monitor managers actions to ensure that such actions are value adding. Again, the author reports that the interaction o f investment opportunities and the proportion of non-executive directors on the board shows that firms perform better with increased number of non-executive directors on the board. This suggests that the negative relationship between firm performance and investment opportunities is weakened when the proportion of non-executive directors on the board is higher. Thus, it does appear that the monitoring role of non-executive directors overcomes the agency problem of high investment opportunities such that these firms become more profitable. Kumar and Sivaramakrishnan (2007) used an agency model of the firm to analyze how the board-CEO relationship affects shareholder value. They measured board dependence on the CEO by the extent to which the boards interests are intrinsically aligned with the CEOs interests, and came to the finding that, other things held constant, a more dependent board exhibits a greater alignment with the CEO. They were thus able to examine the effects of bringin g to the board more independent directors or less of them on the firms investment, managerial compensation, board equity compensation and shareholder value. The main finding in this study is that shareholder value can increase as board dependence (not independence) increases. Indian Evidence: In developed economies corporate governance issues mostly focus on disciplining the management, whereas in case of emerging economies such as India, the problem lies in limiting expropriation of minority shareholders. Indian corporate sector is characterized by the presence of largely three types of companies: a) public sector units, where government is the major shareholder, b) multi-national companies, where the foreign parent is the major shareholder, and c) the Indian business groups where either the promoters are major shareholders or they have a minority stake with government owned financial institutions owning a sizeable stake and rest owned by the general public. The problem of do minant shareholders, with or without a higher stake, gives rise to serious corporate governance issues (Varma, 1997) in case of India such dominate shareholders are a particular group or family. The quality of corporate governance in such a family based organization is always been an issue. India presents a unique scenario for corporate governance research because of the important role played by the promoters of Indian companies. The promoters maintain control over the group companies by virtue of a pyramid ownership structure. Unlike in the Western countries, the major corporate governance problem in India is one of exploitation of the minority shareholders by the promoters who are often the majority shareholders. ( Mishra, Mohanty 2006). Corporate governance in emerging economies such as India poses a challenge due to the typical characteristics associated with such economies such as imperfect product market, illiquid capital market, rigid labor market and regulatory environmen t, and lack of adequate contract enforcing mechanisms (Khanna and Palepu, 1997). Companies with good governance practices raise money at a lower cost of debt (Agarwal et al., 1996). The linkage between corporate governance and firm performance in the presence of information asymmetry and institutional void makes an interesting area of research, particularly in countries such as India. Independent directors on the board have significant impact on the performance of the firm. The efficacy of outside directors on the corporate boards of non-financial Indian companies for influences firm performance. Research finding reveals that while the proportion of grey directors on board has marginally deteriorated effect, the independent directors proportion has an insignificant positive effect on firm value. (Kumar and Singh 2008) Several other empirical studies, however find either no significant effect or negative effect of outside directors on firm performance. Many researchers (Bays inger and Butler, 1985; Dalton et al., 1998; Dalton and Daily, 1999; Fernandes, 2005) do not find any relationship between board composition with representation of outside independent directors and firm performance. Hermalin and Weishbach (1991), Meharan (1995), report an insignificant relation between corporate board independence and various measures of firm performance. Many researchers also have reported a negative relationship between the proportion of outside directors and firm value. Bhagat and Black (2002), finds a negative relationship between the proportion of outside directors on board and firm performance. Efficacy of outside directors as governance mechanism is therefore questionable in the developed counties because of presence external governance mechanism like mergers and acquisition, market for corporate control and product market competition. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Separation Of Corporate Ownership Finance Essay" essay for you Create order